A U.S. citizen engaged to someone abroad usually has two ways to bring them here. One is the fiancé visa, known as the K-1. The other is to marry first and file an immigrant petition for a spouse.
Both are common. The difference is mostly in what happens after the partner arrives.
The K-1 fiancé visa
- Only U.S. citizens can file, using Form I-129F.
- The couple generally must have met in person within the two years before filing, unless USCIS waives that requirement.
- After entry, the couple must marry within 90 days.
- The spouse then files to adjust status to permanent resident in the United States.
The K-1 is a nonimmigrant visa. The green card process happens only after the wedding, with a second application, and work permission comes from that application or a separate request.
Marriage first, then an immigrant visa
- The couple marries, usually in the partner’s country.
- The citizen files Form I-130 for the spouse.
- The case goes through the National Visa Center to an interview at a consulate.
- The spouse enters as a permanent resident, and the green card is mailed.
Permanent residents cannot use the K-1. For them, marrying first is the only family path.
Choosing
The K-1 can suit couples who want to marry in the United States, with family here. Marriage first suits couples who want the partner to arrive with a green card and the right to work from day one.
If the marriage is less than two years old when residence is granted, the green card will be conditional. See Removing conditions: the 90-day window.
Sources
Published April 28, 2026.